Development of moral reasoning and self-control from birth through adolescence Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Stage 2: Personal Reward Orientation Personal reward orientation stage or also known as the instrumental stage determines right or wrong through deeds and not punishment. People at this stage believe in the lines of â€Å"scratch my back I scratch yours. † People at this stage value others in terms of utility and their actions that satisfy their needs will determine a wrong or a right. Justice at this stage is two way, you do me I do you or simply â€Å"do unto others what shall be done unto you. † Individuals at this stage only do what is necessary to satisfy their own desires. Level Two Stage 3: Interpersonal Conformity This level involves an individual trying to be significant to others and to accept the rules of one’s group. Societal laws and the expectations of the society are key considerations at this stage while trying to solve a moral dilemma because an individual wants to be good to his or her people. This level affects individuals’ up to middle age and has two stages namely interpersonal conformity also known as good boy good girl orientation and the law and order conformity. We will write a custom essay sample on Development of moral reasoning and self-control from birth through adolescence or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The first stage an individual tries to conform to the stereotype behaviors of his peers and group members and good behavior is that which helps people within the group or the group approves. Individuals act in a way to please authority figures and people of a higher caliber than they do. Forgiveness at this stage is the most preferable to revenge and failure to punish is unfair because it will motivate the other individuals also to mess with impunity. Individuals at this stage try to obey their peers and show respect to their group leaders. An individual earns approval by being nice and such titles as good boy or good girl are common too refer to those whose behavior is acceptable. An individual tries to be nice to others to be seen as good. This statement however has seen Kohlberg receive criticism because of its bias against women (Eysenck, 2004) Stage 4: Law and Order Conformity The second stage of this level individuals look unto the whole society for guidelines and rules pertaining what is right or wrong. Anything that is punishable by the society, whether right or wrong is generally wrong to individuals at this stage. Individuals at this stage view the societal rules and regulations as very inflexible and they do not recognize that as the society’s needs grow the rules should change as well. Justice is when a person who has done the society wrong receives some punishment. Laws are the pivotal point at this stage and therefore members try to be good to others while at the same time obeying the laws.

Bipolar Disorder Symptoms, Syndromes, And Diagnosis

We ask ourselves what causes Bipolar disorder and what the effects are. There are about approximately 5.7 millions Americans suffering from bipolar disorde r. Many people only have a surface understanding of the disorder that is garnered from television and articles in popular publications. The best way to help yourself or anyone you know that have this condition is to understand the bipolar disorder symptoms, syndromes, and diagnosis. Then focus on the treatments of getting help and getting better and staying well. Bipolar disorder involves cyclical episodes of depression and mania, and it is considered to be a lifelong affliction. The type of Disorder diagnosis depends on the individual mood swings and how they are present. This reaction act different in each person different. The manic depression episodes involve a period of time in which emotions are elevated in a positive direction, often for no particular reason. Sometimes this brief elation can cause weakness havoc on your life and even result in suicidal thoughts. Between cycles, individuals who suffer from bipolar can usually lead fairly normal lives. There are many different kinds of bipolar disorder you have bipolar 1 and bipolar 2. The bipolar 2 disorder is milder present than bipolar 1. The individual suffer from bipolar 2 will experience ups and downs but do not reach the full reactions like the bipolar 1 particularly because an individual with bipolar 2 is able to maintain control during hypomanicShow MoreRelatedBipolar Disorder : Symptoms And Symptoms1100 Words   |  5 PagesBIPOLAR DISORDER What is bipolar disorder? A disorder with episode of mood swing ranging from depressive lows to manic highs. Each episode usually last days to week at a time. Episodes may occur several times a year or throughout the year. Mania symptoms include periods of elevated mood of irritability. 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These classic periods of high energy are often intertwined in a cyclical fashion with periods of depressive symptoms, much of the time meeting criteria for major depressive disorder, as well as periods with no symptoms [17]. The frequency by which aRead MoreThe Biological Factors Of Bipolar Disorder Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pagesevidence that bipolar disorder is linked to genetic component. A research study published in the Epidemiology for Behavioral Neurosciences asserts that â€Å"twin studies demonstrated that there are strong genetic factors involved in the pathogenesis of bipola r disorder, which also influence white matter, which in turn is involved in brain connectivity† (Squarcina, Fagnani, Bellani, Altamura, Brambilla, 2016). From the above research, it is obvious that there is correlation between bipolar disorders and geneticRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizoaffective Disorder1230 Words   |  5 PagesSchizoaffective disorder (abbreviated as SZA or SAD) is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal thought processes and deregulated emotions. The diagnosis is made when the patient has features of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder, either bipolar disorder or depression, but does not strictly meet diagnostic criteria for either alone. The bipolar type is distinguished by symptoms of mania, hypomania, or mixed episode; the depressive type by symptoms of depression only. Common symptoms of the disorderRead MoreSuicidal Behavior Including Attempted Suicide Completed And Successful Suicide1526 Words   |  7 Pagesincluding attempted s uicide completed / successful suicide. 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Bipolar I is differentiated from Bipolar II by a history of at least one manic episode in a person’s life, with Bipolar II being diagnosed and characterized by a history of major depression with at least one episode of hypomania (Sadock, Sadock,Read MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1384 Words   |  6 PagesSchizoaffective disorder, often abbreviated as SZA or SAD, is a mental disorder portrayed by unusual thought processes and emotions and is defined by mood disorder-free psychosis in the context of a long-term psychotic and mood disorder (Schizoaffective Disorder, 2014b). The diagnosis is made when the individual has characteristics of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder, either bipolar disorder or depression, but does not meet diagnostic criteria for either alone (Schizoaffective Disorder, 2015d). 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The Compatibility Of Faith And Essay Research free essay sample

The Compatibility Of Faith And Essay, Research Paper The Compatibility of Faith and Reason When comparing the two choices by W.K. Clifford and William James on the compatibility of religion and ground, I feel that both statements make really valid points. However I do believe, after careful reading and based on my ain experience, that William James has the stronger statement. William James The Will to Believe claims that Our passional nature non merely legitimately may, but must, make up ones mind an option between propositions, whenever it is a echt option that can non by it s nature be decided on rational evidences. James contention is that under certain fortunes, it is absolutely legal for a individual to travel in front and believe something for which scientific grounds is missing. To make so is non unreasonable. This statement makes itself utile in the spiritual hypothesis for the being of God. James, himself, believed that there is a Greater Consciousness than that of human existences to which we are connected. Among other things, this Greater Consciousness cares about and conserves many of the things that we hold beloved to us like love, truth, and justness. This is done so that the values possessed by these things continue to be in the universe instead than diing with us when we die. James contention in this respect was that his beliefs on this affair were absolutely legal even though there is presently no scientific grounds for the being of a Greater Consciousness. He claimed that If we had an infallible mind with it s nonsubjective cocksurenesss so traveling in front and believing something without scientific grounds would non be legal. However that is surely non the instance, so it is our rational responsibility to modulate what we believe through scientific discipline, harmonizing to James. Traveling back to the statement for the being of God, because the being of G od is non a affair of scientific fact why should we suspend our belief in God? James believed that modern scientific discipline is a kind of organized jitteriness. The trials that we put theories through before accepting them as the truth serve one kind of human involvement our fright of being mistaken, or being taken by surprise by the class of events. Another manner of avoiding that is through our changeless hope of detecting new things. Harmonizing to James, by ground of these different sets of involvements, we are under no duty to suspend belief in God merely because to day of the month, God s being has non been proven by modern scientific discipline. It is a affair of which set of involvements we choose to take precedence of refering the hypothesis that God exists: ( a ) out of our fright of being mistaken or out of ( B ) our hope of being right. The individual who conforms to their hope of God s being is merely every bit sensible as the individual who gives in to their fright that there may non be a God at all. Some of James statement has been used late by Pope John Paul II. In his Contemplations on Fides et Ratio, the Pope claims that worlds are searchers of truth. And during that quest, ground can non prolong one entirely. Whether it is a inquiry of the truths of immediate experience or of scientific truth, of carefully developed philosophical idea or of an existentially lived thought, the hunt for truth is ever accompanied by an act of religion. In fact, as societal existences, worlds are incapable of verifying and determining everything entirely ; at every degree one must set enlightened trust in the testimony of others and in one s cultural tradition. As a searcher of truth, adult male is, by that really ground, the 1 who lives by belief. However, holding said that, knowledge through belief # 8211 ; without personal grounds of truth, seems to be imperfect cognition. But in other respects, what cognition is ascertained through self-sufficient agencies? Do we non put our trust in interpersonal relationships and believe, without much grounds, certa in things and take them to be the truth? Particularly when it is a inquiry of the indispensable truths of life which concern the person’s interior deepnesss. However, the trust one topographic point in the other individual must non be blind. If one has ground to believe that he might be lead oning himself or lead oning me, I must do the few limited confirmations accessible to me from the exterior, by cross-checking, for illustration, with other beginnings of information. To be worthy of our ground every bit good as of the other person’s freedom, â€Å"trust† must be enlightened, and, establishing itself on â€Å"reasons to believe† , it must besides be rational. Consequently, the human pursuit for truth non merely seeks the realisation of limited truths and instantly utile truths ; it besides strives for an absolute truth, which is accessible by idea. Since it is critical for human being, this ultimate truth will be reached, non merely by pure ground, but besides by enlightened trust in the testimony of others. Reason itself is non self-sufficing and needs certain trust, if it is to win in its hunt. ( Reflections on the Holy Father s Encyclical Fides et Ratio, Bishop Andre-Mutien Leornard ) Harmonizing to W.K. Clifford in The Ethical motives of Belief, we violate our moral responsibilities if we obtain beliefs where the grounds is deficient. ( Pojman, 91 ) This implies that it is non warranted to hold a full spiritual belief, unless there is persuasive grounds for it. The content of spiritual experience has been requisitioned non to number as grounds. Religious beliefs do non look to be axiomatic. So the lone available grounds would be a non-religious guess, from which the spiritual beliefs are implied. Therefore, the lone manner of make up ones minding whether the spiritual beliefs are warranted would be to analyze assorted statements with the non-religious beliefs as premises and the spiritual beliefs as decisions. ( J. Weseley Robbins, Indiana University ) Harmonizing to Clifford, if the known statements for God s being, including any statements from spiritual experience, are at best likely 1s, no 1 would be warranted in holding full belief that there is a God. And the same holds for other beliefs. Clifford claims that It is incorrect ever, everyplace, and for anyone, to believe anything upon deficient grounds. We are perpetrating a great wickedness. Every clip we let ourselves believe for unworthy grounds, we weaken our powers of self-denial, of doubting, of judicially and reasonably weighing grounds. ( Pojman, 95 ) I think this is true for certain things but it is to strict when applied to others. For illustration, we can non see what is traveling on at the underside of the ocean. Is it incorrect for us to believe that there is marine life down at that place? I have neer been to the Moon, does that intend that it is a wickedness for me to believe that it is non truly made of cheese. I would hold no manner of cognizing or wholly swearing the grounds before me unless I, myself, went to the Moon. Besides, another thing that I found a spot confounding about Clifford s statement is the usage of the apparently spiritual linguistic communication. For illustration, his usage of the words moral and wickedness. One would believe that, in order to believe in Clifford s statement one would hold to be an atheist so why usage such linguistic communication? On the other manus, in defence of Clifford, we implicitly rely upon evidentialist rules in many different countries of question. It is the footing of our justness system ( or we like to believe that it is that manner ) and it does do a batch of sense to merely believe in something when you are supplied with sufficient grounds. In decision, I d like to state that both of these choices were really convincing. I have ever used both religion and ground to get at certain personal truths and for that ground I was more positive by William James. I believe that religion and ground go manus in manus and one without the other is useless.

Ira Remsen Essays - Ira Remsen, Sugar Substitutes, Saccharin

Ira Remsen Ira Remsen was born on February 10, 1846 in New York city. Even though he was born in the United States, he was educated in Germany. He received his M.D. at Columbia University in 1867 and he also earned a Ph.D. at the University of Munich and G?ttingen in Germany. After receiving his degrees, Remsen began his investigation in pure chemistry at the University of T?bingen. It was in Germany and in Europe Remsen did most of his research. In 1876 he returned to the United States where his became one of the original faculty of Johns Hopkins University. There he founded the chemistry department. He was an excellent professor who trained a generation of prominent chemists. He was also the Director of the Chemical Laboratory and secretary of the Academic Council. In 1879, he was the founding editor of American Chemical Journal. Also in that same year, he made a remarkable, accidental discovery with a fellow researcher Constantine Fahlberg when they were working on a derivative of coal tar. One night, after a long day in his laboratory He we was having dinner with wife. When he was eating a regular roll. Remsen noticed that it was quite sweet at first, but it left a bitter after-taste. He made his wife taste the bread and he found nothing wrong or something unusual about the taste. So Remsen decided to taste his fingers and there he found that same sweet then bitter taste despite washing his hands thoroughly after working in his lab. After dinner, he returned to his laboratory and started to taste all the chemicals he was handling. When he found that chemical, it was oxidation of o-toluenesulfonamide and he called it saccharin. In 1880, Remsen and Fahlberg published their findings in the February issue of The Chemical Journal. Many people thought that it was Constantine who discovered saccharin, but he stole the formula from Remsen. When they stopped working together, Constantine patented the formula and became filthy rich. As a result Remsen didn't received any credit for the discovery. Constantine received the recognition that Remsen earned and rightfully deserved. Remsen was furious at first about the matter; "it makes my blood boil to see the lies that scoundrel Fahlberg constantly, constantly in print, and to see further, that they are generally believed." Later Remsen would apologize for this outburst. Remsen moved to bigger and better things. In 1901, he was appointed President of Johns Hopkins University, there in that same year, he wrote several important textbooks on chemistry. Remsen also found the School of Engineering at Johns Hopkins. He introduced many German laboratory methods into Johns Hopkins and emphasized the university's function as a research "centre". At the time at Johns Hopkins he helped establish the school as a leading graduate science teaching institute in the United States, never seeking fame or fortune for his contributions to science. His work on the research-based Doctoral program at Hopkins was considered important improvement to science in the United States. In 1913, Dr. Ira Remsen stepped down as president at Johns Hopkins University. Remsen still continued to keep chemistry the number one priority in his life. He moved and resided in Carmel, California. Until his passing away on March 4, 1927 of natural causes. Saccharin Saccharin is derived from the Latin word saccharum, meaning sugar. Saccharin is also called Ortho-sulfobenzoic acid imide; the formula is C6H4CONHSO2. Saccharin is a synthetic, white, crystalline powder that melts at 228.08 to 229.7 degrees Celsius and very soluble in water. It is 550 times as sweet as sugar cane. And it is also estimated to have a sweetening power 375 times that of sugar. When saccharin is dissolved in water in large amounts, the solution is very bitter. Sweetness is only evident in a diluted solution. Saccharin cannot be digested by the body and has no food values. Those who are diabetic and people who ate on weight reducing diets use it in place of sugar. They used it for the psychological purpose of satisfying a taste for sweetness. Many critics say that that saccharin can itself stimulate the appetite and the production of insulin in the body. For several years, saccharin has been under investigation as a risk for cancer. It was banned in Canada in 1977 for that same reason. But in the United States Public reaction has help to keep saccharin on the market. The Food and Drug Administration requires that warning labels to be put on products containing saccharin. Time Line of The Life of Ira Remsen 1846: