The Brandenburg Gate Essay -- History Construction Architecture Essays

The Brandenburg Gate The Brandenburg Gate is the trademark of Berlin and over the coarse of its support has been the symbol of peace, victory, power, division, hope, and a united Germany. The logic gate is a symbol for Germany much like the Eiffel tower is a symbol for France. The gate is located on the Pariser Platz. It is the only(prenominal) gate of a series of gates that once stood in Berlin. The gate is located on Berlins most famous street the Unter den Linden, or Under the Lime Trees. This street is straight as an arrow, a mile in length and leads directly to the royal residence. Due to these conditions the gate is visible from a great distance.Karl Gotthard Langhans was the designer of The original Brandenburg Gate which was commissioned by Friedrich Wilhelm II to represent peace. It was designed after the Propylea, which is the gateway to the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. The Gate was built out of sandstone and construction lasted from1788 to 1791. The Brandenburg gate is about 70 feet in height and 200 feet in breadth, consisting of twelve Greek Doric columns, six on each side. in that location are five roadways through the gate, although originally ordinary citizens were only allowed to use the outer devil and the central one was reserved for carriages of royalty only. Above the gate is the Quadriga, consisting of the goddess of peace, Eirene, a winged woman driving a four horse chariot in triumph. This Quadriga is a casting made of bronze. The most important sculpturer in Berlin during this period was chosen to carry out the necessary sculpting work. His work Personifies virtues like friendship and statesmanship, along with symbols of arts and sciences, because these are things that make a urban center bloom in times of peace (source 2). The desi... ...ate is probably the most well-known landmark in Berlin it now stands as a symbol of the reunification of the two sides of this great city. An interesting structural note about the Brandenburg G ate is that it sways about one centimeter because of the passing of trucks, subway trains, and cars blaring loud music. Todays international visitors to Pariser Platz herald to re-experience this first gateway to the city, and to enjoy the long-denied freedom to walk through this magnificent work of art.Work Cited1.) http//www.berlin-landmarks.com/brandenburg_gate.html , October 19 2.) http//www.wordiq.com/definition/Brandenburg_Gate, October 193.) http//www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/denkmal/denkmale_in_berlin/en/unter_den_l inden/brandenburger_tor.shtml, October 194.) http//www.berlin-hotels.com/eng/ picket/sights/brandenburggate.html, October 19

Anorexia Nervosa Essay -- Disease/Disorders

Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa, AN, is an eating disorder that affects mostly females in their teenage years. The number of people that suffer from this disorder has increase in the recent decades making it a disorder that causes more deaths compare to any other psychological disorder. AN can have an effect on someones social life as well as physically and psychologically. Its a disorder that can be treated with proper treatment, but identifying the symptoms is the first step.According to the present clinical literature, anorexia nervosa entails refusal to uphold health weight range as well as body image distortion. The most common symptoms of AN that can be identified allow in fear of gaining weight or/and becoming fat refusing to maintain a healthy weight according to the height and age failing to make pass judgment weight growths at times of physical development and growth evil of the menstrual cycle in females. (DSM IV-TR,2000). Anorexia nervosa is portrayed by relentless hunt of thinness, emaciation, hidden fear of gaining weight and distortion of body image. People with anorexia initially start dieting in order to lose weight which over time, the weight loss develops into a sign of control and mastery. The force to become slim is in reality secondary to concerns regarding control or/and fears involving ones body. An individual carries on the cycle of limited eating, frequently accompanied by behaviors like overuse of diet pills, excessive exercising and laxatives to achieve weight loss. Eventually the body is determined to a point near starvation. There is obviously a strong connection between body image and eating disorders. With the media constantly feeding the sentiment of what the perfect body should be ... ...ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association.Birmingham, C. L., & Treasure, J. (2010). Medical vigilanc e of eating disorders. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Boyd, M. (2005). Psychiatric nursing Contemporary practice. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. DeAngelis, T. (2002). Promising treatments for anorexia and bulimia. Monitor on Psychology, 33, 38.Dziegielewski, S. F. (2010). DSM-IV-TR in action. Hoboken, NJ Wiley.Gay, K. (2003). Eating Disorders- Anorexia, Bulimia, and Binge Eating. Berkeley Heights, NJ Enslow Publishers Inc.Lock, J. (2001). Treatment manual for anorexia nervosa A family-based approach. New York Guilford Press. http//www.medicinenet.com/anorexia_nervosa/article.htm

Reversal of Male/Female Roles in Sister Carrie :: Sister Carrie Essays

Dreisers Reversal of Male/Female Roles in sis Carrie The novel Sister Carrie fronts to be the platform from which Dreiser explores his unconventional views of the genders. In the world of Sister Carrie, it would seem that the role of women as trusting, caring creatures, and men as scheming victimizers is reversed it is Carrie that uses the men around her to get what she wants, and it is those men who atomic number 18 victimized by her. Thus Dreiser uses this novel as a means of questioning the popular notions of gender and the role that it plays in modern society. In Sister Carrie, it would seem that Carrie, while outwardly benign, and possibly even deserving of her portrayal as sweet and innocent at the beginning, soon emerges as a merciless predator in the guise of a helpless woman. From her relationship with Drouet, she manages to gain the experience and social skills to pursue higher aspirations. She seems to stay with Drouet only long comme il faut to see that better thi ngs are available, comforts more extravagant than Drouet bear provide, and cultural experiences and social nuances whose existence Drouet seems unaware of. Drouet, then, acts as a stepping stone for her. When he no longer has anything he can offer her, she drops him in favor of Hurstwood. In Hurstwood, Carrie sees all that lacks in Drouet--a more acute sense of culture and worldliness, and the wealth to explore the new wonders of civilized Chicago life. Hurstwood serves as yet another step in her ladder to success, and when he sinks into poverty and self-disgrace after his divorce, she sees him as a no longer being an asset, and leaves him in favor of striking out on her own, leaving him to turn into a beggar, while she makes it big. Too, after she makes it big, and Drouet comes to see her, she can no longer see him as a friend worthy of her union, and in fact avoids ever seeing him again. The fact that she owes her success to Drouet and Hurstwood seems inconsequential to her. It would seem also at the end of her road to fame, when she is receiving social invitations from millionaires and famous figures, that she sees herself as being to good for any of them she sees herself as being too good for the company of any man.

A Students Perspective of Formula 1 Racing Websites :: Sell Websites Buy Web Sites

A Students Perspective of Formula 1 Racing WebsitesThere are 2 websites that I want to talk well-nigh. The first single is www.formula1.com. It is the official website for racing sport called Formula 1. The second atomic number 53 is www.f1-live.com. This website is made for big F1 fans. You can see it from the lay-out which has complete information for the fans while the first one only has just enough information and easier for new F1 fans to browse and know more about F1.www.formula1.com (formula1) has some special features such as the history about each Grand Prix (race), how and where to buy the tickets, and interactive circuit map. For the tickets section, they give you the address and phone number of the circuit. The website for each grand prix is also given in geek you want to see the details about the city and hotel reservation. For the circuit map, they give you details about the name of the corners, turns and straight lanes. The lay-out for this website is quite simple w ith white soil and not packed with a lot of icons. You can choose the headlines of news in the center of the foliate. On the left side, you can see the drivers and constructors table. On the right side, you can see the sessions schedule and some icons such as rules and regulations, team and driver profiles, and interactive circuit map.The gallery section for this website does not have legion(predicate) pictures. It is only divided in 2-3 sections. The first section is practice, the second one is qualifying, and the last one is race. It is not too attractive for a gallery intentional for F1. Probably because it is official website which focus on the pictures of the race in general not specifically on each team. Formula1 is not too attractive in color. It has the important news first than the other websites, such as press conference. It has no advertisement which makes it look more comfortable for users. Advertisements just make mass annoyed so this is another good point from t he website.www.f1-live.com (f1-live) has more features and more specific news for each team. F1-live shows the headlines of each news in their first page and so does formula1. They just write the headlines in a short sentence so people can find them easily. The difference with formula1 is f1-live puts the headlines in group of the team.

In What Major Respects Had Europe Changed By 1971 From The Situation I

From the 1815 until the 1871, europium underwent a great change. As the revolution of the 1830s showed, the Vienna elimination did not last, even though the great European powers were able for a while to take the situation under control with brutal repression. However, it was impossible to restrain the liberal revolution, which led to all important(p) political events and deep social changes. In the political field there are three major events the rise of pile III, the unification of Germany and the Italian Risorgimento. In the field of social changes there are the extraordinary doubling of the population, the new technologies, which made possible the development of communication and conveyance of title, and the important consequences of the industrial revolution. Louis catnap Bonaparte came to power the 2nd of December 1852. With him, the Second Empire started. Years before, he was expelled to America, but with the fall of the July Monarchy in February 1848, he returned to F rance to reassert his claim to being Napoleon Bonapartes legitimate heir, and to take advantage of the new opportunities that suddenly presented themselves. To obtain what he wanted, Bonaparte used the armament and police to arrest his principal political opponents and to occupy the Assembly. After this he announced his assumption of power and proclaimed a new constitution, to be subjected to an ready plebiscite, where Napoleon obtained a huge majority, and became president of France. But one year later, in another plebiscite, Napoleon received popular ratification of his assumption of the gentle of Emperor, as Napoleon III. Many observers saw this meteoric rise, as the beginning of a new era of absolutism. However, the public opinion never considered Napoleon as a tyrant, as electoral statistics show. They trusted him, who did not disappointed their expectations. Napoleons agenda concerned the reorganization of the State, a new economical policy and a great program of public w orks. During Napoleons government, France underwent a deep change. After a long period of disorder, society entrap its stability, both on the political and economical side. In fact, Napoleon helped to foster an economic boom, which provided ample employment for the urban poor as well as for the young people, ambitious and well prepared. He mobilized all the resources of the State to give a ne... ...ansportation, thanks to the invention of the locomotive, became easier. The railroads became the backbone of Europes inland transportation system. The construction of railway provided a new and powerful stimulus to the industries. In fact, the demand for iron and coal increased and so the work of many industries. overseas as overland, people and goods moved faster and farther. In communication as in transport, a lot of inventions brought many European close to each others. The postal service was more efficient and faster thanks to the railroad. Than, in 1844, the electric cable was in vented, and due in part to its importance for the railroads, a network of telegraph lines spread all over Europe. In 1851 the first submarine cable was installed between Dover and Calais, in 1866 between Europe and USA, in 1870 and 1872 many cables were installed from Europe to India, and from Europe to Honk Kong. Also press improved a lot, and the production of paper became cheaper. This meant that newspapers could be produced cheaply and in great number. This allowed all the inhabitants to be sure on what was happening around them.

In What Major Respects Had Europe Changed By 1971 From The Situation I

From the 1815 until the 1871, europium underwent a great change. As the revolution of the 1830s showed, the Vienna Settlement did non last, even though the great European powers were able for a while to take the situation under control with brutal repression. However, it was impossible to stop the imperfect tense revolution, which led to important political events and deep social changes. In the political field there are three major events the rise of cat sleep III, the join of Germany and the Italian Risorgimento. In the field of social changes there are the extraordinary doubling of the population, the new technologies, which made possible the development of communication and transportation, and the important consequences of the industrial revolution. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte came to power the 2nd of December 1852. With him, the Second Empire started. Years before, he was expelled to America, but with the fall of the July Monarchy in February 1848, he returned to France to re assert his hire to being Napoleon Bonapartes legitimate heir, and to take advantage of the new opportunities that suddenly presented themselves. To obtain what he wanted, Bonaparte used the army and police force to arrest his principal political opponents and to occupy the Assembly. After this he announced his assumption of power and proclaimed a new constitution, to be subjected to an immediate plebiscite, where Napoleon obtained a huge majority, and became president of France. But one year later, in another plebiscite, Napoleon received popular ratification of his assumption of the title of Emperor, as Napoleon III. Many observers saw this meteoric rise, as the beginning of a new era of absolutism. However, the public opinion never considered Napoleon as a tyrant, as electoral statistics show. They trusted him, who did not disappointed their expectations. Napoleons agenda concerned the reorganization of the State, a new economical constitution and a great program of public work s. During Napoleons government, France underwent a deep change. After a long period of disorder, society found its stability, two on the political and economical side. In fact, Napoleon helped to foster an economic boom, which provided ample employment for the urban poor as well as for the puppyish people, ambitious and well prepared. He mobilized all the resources of the State to give a ne... ...ansportation, thanks to the invention of the locomotive, became easier. The railroads became the backbone of Europes inland transportation system. The braid of railway provided a new and powerful stimulus to the industries. In fact, the demand for iron and coal increased and so the work of many industries. Overseas as overland, people and goods moved faster and farther. In communication as in transport, a lot of inventions brought many European close to each others. The postal assistance was more efficient and faster thanks to the railroad. Than, in 1844, the electric telegraph was inv ented, and due in part to its importance for the railroads, a network of telegraph lines fete all over Europe. In 1851 the first submarine cable was installed between Dover and Calais, in 1866 between Europe and USA, in 1870 and 1872 many cables were installed from Europe to India, and from Europe to Honk Kong. Also press improved a lot, and the production of paper became cheaper. This meant that newspapers could be produced cheaply and in great number. This allowed all the inhabitants to be aware on what was happening around them.

Criminology Essay Essay

Within the past decade, a untested enlighten of criminology has come into being. I use the term school here in its somewhat figurative sense, to refer to a sort out of people held together by certain sh atomic repress 18 beliefs, teachings, and opinions that is, I use it in the same sense as it was used of the Italian positivistschool of criminology of a century ago. Within its brief life, this new school has been referred to in a variety of ways. It has been said to propound a new criminology a native criminology and a critical criminology. For a variety of reasons, however, no(prenominal) of these terms run intoms to me to be particularly satisfactory. For one thing, in that respect is nothing very new some the ideas which this school espouses nor do they have a monopoly on radical or critical views-always assuming, of course, that the terms radical and critical have any meaning left at all in all, in political and social discourse.For another thing, claims to novelty, i n criminology as elsewhere, atomic number 18 bound by nature to be pretty transient things somebody, someday, is going to come along with a newer criminology, a still newer criminology, a newest criminology, and so on. But the basic objection to all three terms is that they do little to clarify the character of the criminological views of the school in irresolution for the most part, the members of that school are (or at least claim to be) marxists.The term marxistis itself not free from ambiguity, of course. Among those who are called (or call themselves) by that name, there are numerous theoretical and doctrinal differences there are also crypto-marxists, neo-marxists, and (for all I bang) quasimarxists, as well as Maoists, Leninists, Trotskyites, Stalinists and so on. All too often, there is only the most tenuous relation between the views of these groups and the political and social theories of Marx himself and as is well known those theories them1 This has already happened. Professor James Q. Wilson, in his creation to Thomas Reppettos (1974) book Residential Crime economises that there is slowly arising a new criminology to supplant traditional criminology.Wilson tells us that this new criminology considers crime from the pinnacle of view of the victim, treats particularkinds of offenses (e.g. residential burglaries,stranger-to-stranger assaults), and considers explicitly the effectiveness of alternative preventive strategies. He adds that Reppettos book is a good example of the new criminology. In fact, virtually all that Reppettos book shares with Taylor, Walton, and Youngs book The New Criminology is that both books are printed on stem.This content downloaded from 149.171.67.164 on Tue, 23 Apr 2013 063119 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and ConditionsA Critique Marxist of Criminology selves underwent several changes during and after Marxs life. Nonetheless, it seems appropriateto refer to the school of criminology discussed in this paper as marxist-or as marxisant,to use Douglas Hays felicitous term (Hay 1975a, p. 61). Several of the leading members of this school now call themselves marxists, though they did not all do so originally and many of the main theories and concepts which they employ in their attempts to explain crime and societal reaction to crime are undoubtedly ones which are commonly imputed to Marx. (In particular,they place great emphasis on the social relations of production, and employ a concept of classbased on those relations.)But granted the considerable doubt which still surroundsat least some of the writings of Marx and Engels (see, e.g., Hirst 1975 Singer 1979), and some reservations (to be discussed further below) about the relations between those writings and the criminological writings with which I shall be concerned, it seems best not to assume a priori that those relations are necessarily very close hence I shall write the word marxist with a small vm throughout, except where reference is to Marx himself.It is also important to note that I am not here concerned to promontory the cogency, coherence, or correctness of marxist social theories in general.2Though undoubtedly important, such a task is far beyond the scope of this paper. My concern is or else with the application of those theories to criminological problems, including problems about the origins, nature, and enforcement of the criminal law. The school of criminology whose works Ishall review may be marxistbut it is also a school of criminology, though not all of those whom I shall discuss describe themselves professionally as criminologists. why are certain acts defined as criminal? Why nonetheless do certain people commit those acts? What is done to those people, and why? It is with questions of that kind that we (and the marxist school of criminology) are concerned.2 Or in particular, e.g., the surmisal of surplus value, according to which capitalistsexploit labor by extracting surplus value from thei r work in the form of profits-a theory first expounded by Marx in 1865 (Marx and Engels 1968). I cannot see any conditions under which this theory might turn out to be false in any case, it appears to entail little by way of predictions about crime.This content downloaded from 149.171.67.164 on Tue, 23 Apr 2013 063119 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and ConditionsThe purpose of this essay, then, is to analyze the criminological theories and claims of a group of writers, most of whom are marxistsor approach the study of crime from a marxist perspective. I begin by describing the intellectual origins of the new marxist school. I describe the central tenets which most members of this group appearto hold. I then describe some empiricalwork done by these criminologists, and related work done by historians, sociologists and other scholars, which has many affinities with marxist criminology. I offer a brief critique of some of the views of thisschool, and conclude with a provisional asse ssmentof the impact which marxist criminology has had to date.A caveat is in order at the outset. I think it is illuminating to compare the contemporary marxist school of criminology with the Scuola Positiva which revolutionized criminology a century ago. But the analogy may be unfair and misleadingif it is pressed too far. Contemporary marxist criminologists do not refer to themselves as a school, so far as I know and they are by no means as self-consciously united in opinion as were Lombroso, Ferri, and Garofalo.3 On the contrary, they differ among themselves on a number of points, and they may well regard some of those differences as important. I shall try to document some of this diversity of opinion, even though it is mainly with areas of agreement that I shall be concerned and wherever possible I shall cite chapter and verse from specific writers for specific views. Those views should not necessarily be imputed to anyone else.I. Origins of the Marxist School of CriminologyIn o rder fully to appreciate a body of social or philosophical theory, it is often helpful to begin by considering its intellectual history and the mint in which it arose. This is clearly so in the case of recent marxist criminology. Thus, if one were to choose a single book by which to date the give up of the contemporary marxist school, that book would undoubtedly be The New Criminology, by Ian Taylor, Paul Walton, and Jock Young, 3 There were, of course, important differences of opinion between Lombroso, Ferri, and Garofalo. For a discussionsee Mannheim (1960), especially pp. 23-29.This content downloaded from 149.171.67.164 on Tue, 23 Apr 2013 063119 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

Elizabeth Bishop’s “The Hanging of the Mouse” Reaction Paper

Elizabeth Bishops The Hanging of the Mouse, places savages in the roles of humans in reference to an execution. The writer uses animals to replace humans to possibly convey a message or point of view towards the terminal penalty. In the story, the mouse is be executed for what we believe is some sort of crime. It isnt clear whether or not the mouse actually committed a crime, but we are guide to believe that an act occurred in which caused the mouse to be executed on this particular day. The writer doesnt convey their opinion on capital penalisation or the death penalty.As the story plays out, all the writer is doing is telling a story of a mouse and incorporating all these different animals. Every animal has a different role. And each role is particularized to want happens in a hanging. A raccoon, wearing the traditional black mask, was the executi unrivalledr. A prominent praying mantis was in charge of the religious end of the ceremonies. (Barnet, Cain, & Burto, 2010, p. 1309) Is the writer trying to tell the reader something? It isnt clear, but the writer does convey the hardship of observation such a thing occur.Most of the animals have a difficult time watching the hanging. It was all so touching that a cat, who had brought her child in her mouth, shed several large tears. They rolled down on to the childs back and he began to squirm and shriek, so that the mother thought that the visual modality of the hanging had perhaps been too much for him, (Barnet, Cain, & Burto, 2010, p. 1310). Stereotypically mice fall prey to cats, and in this case, the cat feels remorse, sadness for what happens to the mouse.This theory can lead to a thought that not everyone who believes in capital punishment can withstand to watch the punishment be carried out. Reading through the story, the writer doesnt have a specific reader in mind. This story can easily be read by a vast majority of different people and each one may have a different take on its meaning. Small ch ildren wouldnt benefit from a story like this, because questions would arise as to wherefore the mouse is being punished? Young adults and adults would find the story an interesting read.Each, again, may grasp a different meaning or have a different feeling towards the story, only because of the different backgrounds may be involved. The Hanging of the Mouse brought to light a few questions on my feelings on capital punishment and the death penalty. Questions like Do I believe in capital punishment? , Do I believe in the death penalty? and stern I withstand to watch someone die in front of my eyes? crossed my mind as a read through the story. The death penalty should be carried out depending on the crime committed, and I striket believe that I am one to watch the punishment to be carried out.I would be that cat feeling remorse and sadness for what was happening in front of me. The last line in the story, but an excellent example lesson, nevertheless. (Barnet, Cain, & Burto, 2 010, p. 1310) sticks out the most from the entire story. Having the belief that the death penalty should be carried out, but not being able to watch such an eventshould children and teens be subject to such things? For sure this would teach them a lesson on what happens when extremely bad crimes are committed, but is that a lesson that should be taught in that way?Elizabeth Bishops very short story brought up more questions than answers. Its refreshing to read something that may have a clear message, e. g. the agreement of having the death penalty, but it could mean so much more. Questions arose to the feelings of victims watching the execution and children being taught a valuable lesson. There isnt a clear answer and I dont believe that was the intention of the writer. Overall the intention was to have thoughts, to have conversations about the underlying topic.

Organisations that fail to plan are planning to fail Essay

Churchill, a politician and former Prime Minister of the fall in Kingdom, during the World War II. The Oxford dictionary generally defines plan as a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something. In term of management, intend set come forward an organisations objectives and how those objectives could be achieved. Furthermore, planning faeces be either dinner dress or informal. In formal planning, the beat period is included on with written objectives that are distributed inheringly, whereas informal planning is concerned with little to no.written materials (Robbins et al. 2014). Nevertheless, when the term planning is being used, it is often referred to as formal planning. The heading of this essay is to discuss the controversial effects of formal planning on the performances of firms that were evidenced in a range of empirical studies, the influence it has on newly confirmed ventures and its applicability at the times of environmental dubiety.Camillus (1975) states that companies that plan formally perform better than those which plan informally, and he also believes that by formalising plans, the firms performances can be improved. An important feature of formal planning is strategic planning, which is known as the process managers use to form a vision, analyse their external and internal environments, and select the strategies they will use to create value for stake holders (Robbins et al. 2014). It was argued that formal strategic planning has a relationship to the financial performances of organisations, and that relationship could be supreme. This railway line was evidenced by a study conducted by Robert Arasa and Peter KObonyo (2012).The study was taken in Kenya, a developing country, paying extra solicitude to the strategic planning steps, and it concluded that firms that get to been engaging in a high-level of strategic planning tend to perform better in both financial and non-financial aspects. This conclusion corresponds to anoth er study conducted in 1994, where the firms were measured in term of mean capital returns for a five year period, and resulted that the firms with strategical planning score a higher chanceof pick (Capon, Farley & Hulbert 1994). Nevertheless, the relation-ship between formal strategic planning and performances of firms is considered controversial due to the fact that despite the studies that have proven the positive link between the two, thither are ones that prove the complete opposite (Bhide 2000). Researchers believe that the question regarding the above relationship is complex and catchy and their knowledge respective to it is limited (Shrader, Taylor and Dalton 1984, p. 167) due to the inconsistency of the studies. The link between planning and organisations performances was found to be void, with the effects ranging from null to negative, as commented by Boyd on his meta-analysis review (1991). Additionally, formal planning was also confirmed to produce a small negative eff ect on financial performance, as it was concluded from an taste that was conducted by banking organisations (Whitehead and Gup 1985). In spite of having studies as supporting evidences for both of the arguments, the question about whether there is a positive relationship is still remains inconclusive, and the positive effect is considered to be surmised.The difference that arose from the above studies could be due to the difference in objectives of the firms and/or how they define strategic planning (Whitehead and Gup 1985). Since the positive effect on firms finished planning is unconfirmed, it is important to narrow down the target population and to observe the influence of planning only on the new firms. Hence, the next division would focus on analysing the influence of planning on the newly established ventures. As an entrepreneur or prospective business owner would like to establish his/her own business, there are decisions needed to be made about whether he/she should devel op the business basing on intuition, or whether it should be carefully considered through planning.This paragraph would closely scrutinise the influence of planning on new ventures, especially on the development of those ventures, including how planning influence the finance acquisition preceding to the development of one firm, chances of new ventures to survive, and excluding financial approach since it is not likely for new firms to generate revenue (Stuart, Hoang & Hybels 1999). According to Delmar and Shane (2003), they focus their findings based on tether dimensions of venture development, including product development, venture organising activity and disbanding asthey believe thosethree are the most essential factors that contribute to the establishments of firms. As a result, there is an enhancement of all three factors when firms founders utilise planning. Other than the study of Delmar and Shane, Perry (2001) and Liao and Gartner (2006) have also found a positive link bet ween the chance of survival of a new venture and planning. In addition, there are a number of financial providers required owners and/or entrepreneurs to present a business plan, such(prenominal) as Royal Bank of Canada, or the Barclays bank of Britain, as mentioned by Karlsson (2005).Nevertheless, it was argued that the importance of business plan on the development of new ventures were considered to be overdone in literature (Karlsson 2005). Based on the research that was completed by Bhide (2000), firms founders tend to use their personal funds or bank loans to set up their businesses, and therefore, the financial providers pay more attention to the ability to pay debts of the firms owners/entrepreneurs rather than their business plans, as evidenced by a survey that was completed by a number of American venture capital and equity firms (Gumpert and Lange 2004). The difference in policy of the financial providers mogul due to the difference in condition or difference in regulati ons, as the financial providers are not from one specific context. Furthermore, there are different elements other than planning that could have contributed to the success of firms, regardless of their size, and one of those factors is the degree of environmental uncertainty.Therefore, the next component would emphasis on the applicability of planning during the times of environmental certainty. Environmental uncertainty refers to the risks that emerged from unpredictability (Cyert and March 1963), and there are disputes surrounding the applicability of planning during the time of environmental uncertainty. Examples of environmental uncertainty could be the entry of new competitors or the technological advancement of the firms rival. There are ones that in favour of planning in time of environmental uncertainty, put forwarding that planning should be implement by managers as it shows the possible risks (Matthews and Scott 1995 Zollo and Winter 2002), whereas there are those who su ggested that in times of environmental uncertainty, firms need to rely on intuition and creativity (Mintzberg 1994 Allinson, Chell & hay 2000Bhide 1994). It was also found that planning shows managers the possible risks and hence develop solutions (Robbins et al 2014Matthews and Scott 1995). However, it should also be noted that due to the lack of resources, it is unrealistic for growing and/or newly established ventures to excessively focus on planning as it would be costly (Matthews and Scott 1995). On top of that, a business plan is criminate for creating a rigid schedule (Robbins et al. 2014). Originally, a business plan process would comprise of external and internal analysis, formulation, implementation of strategies, and then evaluation of results (Robbins et al. 2014). Nevertheless, in reality, Mankins and Steele (2006) suggest that managers should be innovative and creative to make continuous strategic decisions responding to environmental uncertainty. They also pointed ou t from their researches that firms only make 2.5 strategic decisions per year on just due to their dependence on the planning process, which in turn defined shortcomings of formal planning such as insufficient time to deal with capricious matters.In other words, firms should continuously being innovative in making strategic decisions rather than relying on a business plan (Mankins and Steele 2006 McGrath 1995 Carter, Gartner & Reynolds 1996 Mintzberg 1994) as it might result in the lost of opportunities (Bhide 1994). In the final analysis, the significance of planning is evaluated throughout the discussion of its effects on performances of firms of different size, how it influence on the littler/newly developed firms, and its applicability during times of uncertainty. The relationship between performances and planning is discussed mainly in term of financial performances, while the relationship between small/newly established firms and planning is discussed primarily in term of s urvival and the firms development processes.Lastly, the essay assesses different perspectives of analysts on whether or not planning is utilisable during the time of uncertainty. Since the results are inconclusive for the most part due to the difference in contexts of studies, it is undeniable that planning would be an important element that business owners should look at in order to improve the chance of success. It is recommended that the business owners should be innovative to fix the rigid nature of planning, and to be flexible when it comes to the time of environmental uncertainty. Additionally, if formalplanning is considered to be unaffordable for smaller firms, the firms founders could be engaging in informal planning, or short-term planning rather than depending merely on intuition.BibliographyAllinson, CW, Chell, E & Hayes, J 2000, Intuition and entrepreneurial behaviour, European Journal of Work and organizational Psychology, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 31-43.Arasa, R & KObonyo, P 2012, The Relationship between strategic training and Firm Performance, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, vol. 2, no. 22, pp. 201-13.Bhide, A 1994, How Entrepreneurs Craft Strategies, Harvard Business Review, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 150-61. 2000, The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses, Oxford University Press.Boyd, BK 1991, Strategic training and Financial Performance A Meta-analytic Review, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 353-74.Camillus, JC 1975, Evaluating the Benefits of Formal Planning Systems, Long Range Planning, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 33-40.Capon, N, Farley, JU & Hulbert, JM 1994, Strategic Planning and Financial Performance More Evidence, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 105-10.Carter, NM, Gartner, WB & Reynolds, PD 1996, Exploring start-up event sequences, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 151-66.Cyert, RM & March, JG 1963, A Behavioral Theory of The Firm, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.Delmar , F & Shane, S 2003, Does Business Planning Facilitate the Development of New gos?, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 24, pp. 1165-85.Gumpert, DE & Lange, JE 2004, Do Business Plans Matter? How Venture Capitalists Evaluate Entrepreneurs for Investment, Babson College.Karlsson, T 2005, Business Plan in New Ventures. An Institutional Perspective, vol. 30, JIBS dissertation series, Jnkping International Business School.Liao, J & Gartner, WB 2006, The do of Pre-venture Plan Timing and Perceived Environmental Uncertainty on the Persistence of Emerging Firms, Small Business Economics, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 23-40.Mankins, MC & Steele, R 2006, Stop making Plans Start Making Decisions, Harvard Business Review, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 76-84.Matthews, CH & Scott, SG 1995, Uncertainty and Planning in Small and entrepreneurial Firms An Empirical Assessment, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 34-52.McGrath, RG 1995, Advantage from adversity encyclopedism from disappointment i n internal corporate ventures, Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 121-42.Mintzberg, H 1994, The Fall and Rise of Strategic Planning, Harvard Business Review, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 107-14.Perry, SC 2001, The Relationship between Written Business Plans and the Failure of Small Businesses in the U.S., Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 201-8.Robbins, S, DeCENZO, D, Coulter, M & Woods, M 2014, Management The Essentials, 2th edn, Pearson, Frenchs Forest, Sydney.Shrader, CB, Taylor, L & Dalton, DR 1984, Strategic Planning and Organizational Performance A Critical Appraisal, Journal of Management, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 149-71.Stuart, TE, Hoang, H & Hybels, RC 1999, Interorganization Endorsements and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Ventures, Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 315-49.Whitehead, DD & Gup, BE 1985, Bank and Thrift Profitability Does Strategic Planning Really Pay?, Economic Review, pp. 14-25.Zollo, M & Winter, SG 2002, De liberate Learning and the Evolution of Dynamic Capabilities, Organizational Science, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 339-51.

A Review of Literature on Juvenile Delinquency Essay

Article slack and crime covariation in an accele vagabondd longitudinal sample of adolescents. The roughly common co-occurring mental health disorder for teens is low gear and guilty behaviors. Juvenile depression symptoms were used to predict patterns of get on re previous(a)d changes in delinquency. Juveniles especially females who discover depressive symptoms ar at greater happen of developing and or partaking in delinquent behaviors. roughly 76% of cases brought to the teen courts in the United States of America argon adjudicated delinquent. In the United State of America approximately 1,660,700 juveniles argon adjudicated delinquent in 2004. Between 40 and 60 percent of juveniles are maltreated.5-10% of juveniles that score been diagnoses with depression substantiate been found to be six times more likely to commit a delinquent act. 63% of the juveniles have experienced contumely in some way. ADHD has not been proven to cause juvenile delinquency.Juveniles that are delinquent have been found to have some type of childhood depression. These juveniles have serious mental help issues.Article Predicting juvenile delinquency The nexus of childhood maltreatment, depression and bipolar disorder There is a connection amidst juveniles with mental health disorders and delinquent behavior. A juvenile diagnosed with depression or bipolar is more likely to commit delinquent behavior. Professional adults who chance symptoms of depression, bipolar, and maltreatment in juveniles and then work with them in some cases can prevent the delinquent behavior. Top two main issues with juveniles are behavior and depression. Female have a higher increase with chances symptoms between the epochs of 11-15. As aging happens males tend to have an increase of delinquency and females an increase of depression. Depression is a risk means for juveniles that can increase delinquent behavior.Delinquent adolescents with mental health problems can suffer from the two most com mon issues depression and delinquent behavior/ acquit. heritable factors therefore account for approximately 35% of the relation between depressive and delinquency symptoms, but do not inform the temporal ordering of symptom initiation or the potential for using symptoms of one syndrome to predict future symptoms of the other. Specifically, males have the higher rate of reported delinquent behavior in comparison to females. Depression play a huge component in the possible purpose of juveniles becoming delinquent, when the juvenile(s) began to act disruptive on a routine then an valuation and intervention should be considered.Article Disentangling the relationship between child maltreatment and cerise delinquency Physical profane of children and or juveniles does not have an termination on whether or not the juvenile leave behind display savage delinquency. Juveniles who have suffered from maltreatment or more likely to participate in violent delinquency. Females who have su ffered from maltreatment are just as likely or more likely to participate in delinquent behavior then males. Signs of aggressiveness before age 8-10 has shown higher rate of adult antisocial behavior. Sings of aggression between ages 5-7 is a prediction of frequent drug users. Over the years aggression is believed to stable.Ethnicity can play a role in the aggressiveness of juveniles/adults. Males have aggressive behavior which puts them a high risk for behavior problems, drug use, and delinquent behavior if not addressed. It is reported that there is a higher rate of males using substance from a two parent home, and a lower rate of males coming from a single-parent home. Article Recidivism in subgroups of serious juvenile offenders There are four different subgroups of juveniles that were looked at Property offenders, sex offenders, serious violent offenders, and violent property offenders. Violent property offenders had the highest number of risk factors Recidivism of juveniles was looked at differently due to the low amount of recidivism there is in individuals who commit these crimes. Approximately 2.3 juveniles that are arrested are under the age of 18. 30-50% of juvenile offenders has a recorded disability and is at a higher chance of special education disability. supernumerary education disability / socioeconomic status / criminality in family / and nurse care are higher chance of being chronicoffenders in juveniles. confirmation before 14 years are less likely to become adult offenders later in life. The experience of being in a foster care increases the change of delinquency than a juvenile with no family felony. If the juvenile has a family history of criminal behavior the possibly is high that the juvenile will also carry the same behavior. Juvenile that is an offender tends to have more of a special education disability in comparison to someone who is not an offender. It is believed that socioeconomic status could be related to the juvenile off ending.Juvenile DelinquencyA number of juveniles displaying delinquent behaviors is incredibly high. As of 2001 the amount of individuals under the age of 18 arrested for violent crimes was approximately 2.3 million (Alltucker, Bullis, Close, & Yovanoff, 2006). What role does the environment play in the later juvenile delinquency, and can delinquency be prevented? This paper explores that head word using three different themes. First, the various types of abuse and the effect on delinquency are discussed. Second, the link between depression and delinquency is examined. Finally, the importance of recognizing and preventing juvenile delinquency is addressed.Child Abuse and Subsequent Juvenile DelinquencyIn the United States there are approximately one million children per year are reportedly victims of child abuse. While there is a connection between physical abuse and later violent acts, the article by Yun, Ball, & Lim (2011), contends that sexual abuse and activated neglect are mo re significant in predicting future violent and criminal behavior than physical abuse alone. Alltucker, et., al (2006) agree that sexual, physical, and emotional abuse all contribute to some form of delinquent behaviors in juveniles. The article by Mallet, Stoddard Dare, & Seck (2009) indicates that between 40 and 60 percent of sentenced delinquents have been mistreated or neglected in some form. However, victims of sexual abuse are not likely to become delinquent. It is clear from the literature that maltreatment of children in oecumenic has a negative effect on their development, but there is inconsistency in the research as to which form of abuse plays the most important role in delinquency.Depression and DelinquencyDue to research increasing public awareness, symptoms of depression and other mental health issues are being noticed at a younger age. Young people displaying symptoms of depression are likely to experience academic problems as well as substance abuse issues. These a re a few behaviors considered as delinquent. Depressed adolescents may express their frustrations through behaving aggressively and breaking the rules in their home environment. Consequently these behaviors cause conflict with parents or guardians and can eventually lead to involvement in delinquent acts. (Kofler, et al., 2011). Mallet, et al (2006) reported between 40 and 70 percent of incarcerated juvenile offenders suffered from emotional and behavioural problems prior to arrest.In fact, compared to general offenders, 46 percent of juvenile offenders are reported as having shown signs of depression or other emotional difficulties (Alltucker, et al., 2006). Symptoms of depression and delinquency covary and diagnoses co-occur often enough that it cannot be contributed to chance. Over 30 percent of young people meeting the criteria for depressive disorder also meet criteria for a conduct disorder. In addition, over 50 percent of adolescents diagnosed with conduct disorder also exhib it the symptoms that meet criteria for depression (Kofler, et al., 2006).Identifying and Preventing DelinquencyBeing able to recognize who is at risk of delinquent behavior is the first step towards prevention. Identifying risk factors in children is imperative in preventing juveniles from becoming involved in the criminal justice system. Also, it enables practitioners and therapists to notice which children are most at risk and what type of measures are necessary in preventing delinquency (Mallet, et al., 2006). Intervening before the juvenile reaches the age of adulthood and becomes a chronic criminal is a major goal in place to protect the rest of society. One of the predictors of being a lifetime offender is what age the juvenile is upon his or her first arrest. In 2001, the amount of people arrested for violent crimes were under the age of 18 (Alltucker, et al., 2006). A review of an article by ODonnell, Hawkins, & Abbott (1995) states there can be an early onset of aggression in children between the ages of 8-10. Aggression at this age puts the child at higher risk of severe juvenile delinquency and alsoantisocial behavior in adulthood.ConclusionUpon reviewing the literature it is apparent that abuse, neglect, and mental health problems all play a role in juveniles becoming delinquent. Current research on this pressing and difficult issue is only a small portion of a Brobdingnagian range of theories about delinquency. Delinquency in juveniles is a dynamic, multifaceted problem with numerous potentially causal factors.ReferencesAlltucker, K. W., Bullis, M., Close, D., & Yovanoff, P. (2006). Different pathways to juvenile delinquency Characteristics of early and late starters in a sample of previously incarcerated youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(4), 479-492. Kofler, M. J., McCart, M. R., Zajac, K., Ruggiero, K. J., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2011). Depression and delinquency covariation in an accelerated longitudinal sample of ad olescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(4), 458-469. Mallet, C. A., Stoddard Dare, P., & Seck, M. M. (2009). Predicting juvenile delinquency The nexus of childhood maltreatment, depression and bipolar disorder. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 22(2), 235-246. Yun, I., Ball, J. D., & Lim, H. (2011). Disentangling the relationship between child maltreatment and violent delinquency using a nationally representative sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(1), 88-110.

Cause and Effect- Steroids

Cause and Effect Analysis 1 A Cause and Effect Metacognative Analysis Bryan J. Critical Reading and Thinking, department 409 March 11, 2010 Cause and Effect Analysis 2 Casual Metacognitive Analysis Introduction I am focusing on the bear and way out indite style in this paper to inform the reader about steroids and how they stand become a putting green phenomenon among supporters. What some people may non know be the negative make steroids have on a persons intellectual/spiritual, social-emotion, and physical appearance.For instance, a person on steroids may have an completed social- emotional relationship with others due to the attach in testosterone, causing many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) users to lash out with violence and rage, a term that has been coined roid rage. My purpose in writing this essay is to shed light on the negative do of steroids. By using parkway and effect you will be able to determine the cause, which is steroids, and the many antithet ical effects they have. This is an all important(p) tool to really show just how a substance like anabolic steroids shtup affect person.It is also important for my field of study, exercise science, to teach people about the negative side effects. Cause and effect analysis has taught me how to become a better reader, and writer, by demonstrate me exactly how to analyze what Im reading, and have it sink it, earlier than go in one ear and out the other. The use of cause and effect in this essay will give the reader a much in depth perspective of the effects steroids have on the merciful body. examine Awaareness For this essay I chose two members to compare and contrast.The first bind I chose was Performance enhancement is not the only effect of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. The first member by ADIS International Limited did an excellent trading giving us an in depth look on the ins and outs of steroid use. The second bind I chose was titled High-Dose Anaboli c Cause and Effect Analysis 3 Steroids in Strength Athletes Effects upon Hostility and Aggression, written by P. Y. L. Choi, A. C. Parrott, and D. Cowan. This clause is an draw of tests that P. Y. L. Choi et al. onstructed while testing the effects that steroid use has on strength athletes. It used a control group, that contained non users, and a group of three subjects on steroids. some(prenominal) articles spoke of the negative side effects that steroids have, and described their uses. The second article, however, had more detail and provided real life examples of how far steroids could affect someone, negatively. FOR INSTANCEWhile evaluating both articles I noticed that the evidence provided was relevant to the claim each was trying to make, that steroids generally provide more negative effects than good ones.The second article provided graphs to show the different levels of aggression and hostility in the subjects organism tested, and the first article did not. Both articles h ad contradictions that could sway a reader away from believing that steroids were a negative alternative to supplementing. In the second article P. Y. L Choi et al. discuss how their study could be weak, It was open rather than blind. Drug conditions varied widely between subjects. Over all, each article provided substantial evidence leading a reader to believe steroid use provides more negative effects than positive.I believe the authors in article one and two had the purpose of showing how steroids work, and to show how using them could lead to serious health risks and emotional instabilities, which could damage relationships you have with others. Nature of Casual Argument There was one cause for this subject steroids. However, it had multiple effects, such as performance enhancement, and the bad side effects including increase aggression, hostility, decreased sex drive, weight gain, infertility, cardiovascular risks, and interfered with personal Cause and Effect Analysis 4 elat ionships. The author for this article used a chart that gave a description of how steroids affected both male and females. In males it had acne, increased facial and body hair, increased aggressive behavior, increased appetite, and balding. In females it reduced breast size, menstrual irregularities, deepening of the voice, and enlarging the clitoris. While stating the negative side effects this article also included legitimate purposes for using steroids. Steroids can treat growth retardation, breast carcinoma, osteoporosis, edema, and anemia.What this article is trying to state, however, is that when used improperly, such as using more than the recommended dose, generally for enhancement purposes, the effects can be negative. Informative Article Summary The article comes from a textbook entitled Drugs & Therapy Perspective, the title of the article is Performance enhancement is not the only effect of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. The article talks about effects other than just performance enhancement when using steroids. The authors opinion appears to be that steroids are not the way to go for enhancing performance athletically.This article first talks about how steroids work. Anabolic steroids are understood and almost guaranteed in all cases to create a deepened voice, increasing the users power, and creating more hair on your body. There are two different ways steroids can be used through necessary doctor prescribed means, or by personal use, normally involving higher doses of the drug. While steroids can be beneficial in treating certain conditions dealing with its therapeutic use, it can also be used in frowned upon ways such as increased doses for personal use, in hopes of seeing results whether it is in competition or for muscle mass.Some of the main, and most common side effects steroids have, are an increase in the users weight, power gains, Cause and Effect Analysis 5 and problems with their physical and emotional headspring being. W hile stating that it does make some people stronger, it gives information from studies to show that anabolic steroids provide no long term energy. Most athletes have adverse effects when abusing steroids. Steroid abuse can also lead to infertility, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, nerve attacks, heart failure, and even mortality.Towards the end of the article it talks about the effects that a persons mental state goes through, such as increased rage, and lack of patience or short fuse. It ends off by including more effects to the many we now know, by adding in that if taken during your adolescent stages, your growth plates close up and your growth may be stunted Authorial intention The authors main point in writing this essay is to inform his audience which may consist of athletes, any people currently on steroids, or even people just thinking about them.This gives detailed accounts of effects that steroids have, and the adverse side effects. The article responds to any argumen ts that the readers may have by suggesting positive steroid use, and goes on to say that when abusing them, just like any other drug, you would more often than not receive adverse effects from anabolic steroids. Read Like a Writer When stating the positive uses for steroids, such as therapeutic reasons, it provides an answer for anyone who has an argument for steroids. It reaches common ground with the readers by providing several different side effects rather than just one.For instance, in (para. 7) The abuse of AASs in healthy young athletes has been associated with serious cardiovascular events (e. g. cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, QT dispersionacute heart failure and sudden cardiac Cause and Effect Analysis 6 death. The cause and effect argument is made by informing the reader of the many dangerous side effects that relates to steroid abuse, as seen in the previous sentence. The author incorporates counter arguing by information relevant to both males and females, rather than just one sex.By doing this he has now expanded his argument to a more vast audience. The author is not one-hundred percent against steroids, just the abuse of them, and it is not biased in doing so. This provides for a well written article, and one that anyone could read and leave being well informed of the adverse side effects of steroids, and not have much of an argument for them. Before reading this article I was not aware of over half of the effects steroids have on the human body and thought taking them in the offseason for baseball wouldnt be such a bad idea.After reading this article and making a cause and effect essay on it, I was really able to clearly see that the side effects outweigh any achievable goal in which one may meet. Information Literacy The author for this article is unknown, but it comes from an accredited journal titled Drugs & Therapy Perspective and was written in 2005. It is a rather new-fashioned article, and provides accurate information on the use , and abuse of steroids. It provides information from different studies, and self-reports to show the adverse effects of steroid abuse.In (para. 4) The author goes into the legitimate therapeutic reasons one may consider in taking steroids AASs have a number of legitimate therapeutic uses including the treatment of male hypogonadism and growth retardation. and some forms of anemia. The authors objective is not only having one side on steroids, but showing the positive with the negative. They presents the subject in a way that anyone could read and come across just what would happen if they were to abuse steroids. Cause and Effect Analysis 7 Professional ScenarioAfter reading this article I am now able to engage the knowledge Ive learned to my career. I am planning on going into the field of exercise science, and wish to train athletes. I will never suggest to anyone Im training to abuse steroids, but rather avoid them entirely, and to enhance their performance naturally through o ver the counter vitamins, fold of exercise, and eating healthy. There is no need to take steroids unless you want the easy way out. The negative side effects of them outweigh, in my opinion, the positive effects.While they may increase some performance, and make your muscles larger, they can affect you for the rest of your life by making you infertile, aggressive, or may end your life permanently. Also, I am an athlete myself, I play baseball, and Ive seen so many athletes succumb to steroids, and end up losing their career over it. Every year dozens of MLB players are ensnare to be on steroids, and are suspended, and their reputation and records ruined forever. You lose all respect, and dignity, when the fact that youre using steroids to comes into the light.They may make you faster, or hit a ball harder, but when someone finds out those monster home widens were boosted by being chemically induced, instead of a natural gift, or a result from being the best you can be, you basical ly lose the joy of every homerun youve ever hit, or base youve ever stolen. Conclusion The author does a great job in providing sufficient details in this cause and effect analysis. The author touched on a lot of the physical and emotional problems you will run into when dealing with abusing steroids.It becomes clear to me at the end of reading this that steroids are not up to par on the risk to reward plain. His use of steroids as his cause provides for a Cause and Effect Analysis 8 multiple effect pattern. I am now fully aware of what really happens to your body when you potty with this type of drug. Having knowledge on this topic will benefit me in my major because I am now able to preach to young athletes the dangers, and can now make some safer alternatives to performance enhancement. I am a better reader because of the cause and effect genre.Thanks to cause and effect I am now able to see all points the author is trying to make in his argument and better understand the effect s of any cause someone may write about. Cause and Effect Analysis 9 References ADIS International Limited. (2005). Drug reactions and interactions. Performance enhancement is not the only effect of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Drugs ther perspect 2005 Vol. 21, no 8 Choi, P. Y. L Parrott, A. C. and Cowan, D. (1990) High-Dose Anabolic Steroids in Strength Athletes Effects upon Hostility and Aggression. Human Psychopharmacology 1990 Vol. 5, pages (349-356).

Mood

Mood disorders ar those disorders that sustain a disturbance in wit as their preponderant feature. This group includes several nosoforms such as emotive disorders, psychotic bipolar disorder and depressive disorders. The last are presented by the involutional and postnatal first gear, dysthymic disorder and seasonal affective disorder. All listed physiques are very frequent about 14.3% of the population is stroked by the mood disorders. The aim of this review is comparing the different discussions for the mood disorders by ensample of postnatal mood disorders. Databases searched for this review included PsycINFO only.There are several risk incidentors of postpartum mood disturbances. After bringing the level of steroid hormones (estrogens, gestagens and cortisol) changes dramatically. Some women are very sensitive to these hormonal changes and can react with changes of the mood. Psychosocial risk factors include low income and inadequate social supports, recent negative life events, marital contravene or dissatisfaction. Heredity and exclusive susceptibility are risk factors for postpartum feeling. Thus women with case-by-case or family history of a mood disorder have higher risk of postpartum depression. A prior history of postpartum mood disorder increases the risk of recurrence of the depression in two folds.Postpartum changes of the mood are not rare complications of accouchement. There are different symptoms of mood disturbance from transitory and mild signs of postpartum blues and up to the severe postpartum depression and puerperal psychosis. Nonacs R. and Cohen LS. (1998) write that mood changes during the puerperium are often overlooked. This fact arouses the risk of the episodes of recurrent depression in mothers. Another important issue of the occupation is a risk of the remote consequences of mothers mood disturbance on the future mental and physical development of child. To prevent those semipermanent personal effects the untimel y diagnostics and good manipulation interventions should be applied.Some forms of the postpartum mood disorder do not assume any specific treatment, e.g. the most usual (30-75% of new mothers) form of the mood disturbances, so called baby blues require only education, reassurance and support. More serious conditions, like postpartum depression, need more sprightly interventions. This condition occurs in 15-20 % of all women recently confined. It is characterized by anxiety, irritability, insomnia, fatigue, low interest to the baby and other symptoms of major depression.Seyfried LS and Marcus SM. (2003) indicate that pharmacological treatment for patients with postpartum depression can be planted because some psychoactive drugs are contraindicated in lactation and psychotherapeutic approaches became the method of the choice. On other hand, rare cases of postpartum psychosis require psychiatric emergency complaint and urgent drug treatment. Thus the differentiation of treatment mode is important element of the care in the postnatal changes of the mood.Series of works by Dennis CL. et all. (2004) are dedicated to the problem of treatment of postpartum depression. Authors consider that the most effective schemes of mental hygiene include interpersonal psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, peer and partner support, nondirective counseling, serenity/massage therapy, infant sleep interventions, infant-mother family therapy, and maternal exercise.Unfortunately the available clinical trials studied these methods and their effectiveness, were designed poorly and have low level of evidence. Thus clear conclusions about the relative effectiveness of the different treatments cannot be reached. Authors recommend to increase the number of randomized controlled trials needed for comparing different treatment schemes, examining the effectiveness of individual treatment components and selecting the optimum treatments for women with different anamnesis and sta tus praesens objectivus.Other group of interventions using in the psychiatry for treatment of postpartum depression includes antidepressant medication, estrogen therapy, livelyly timed sleep deprivation, and bright light therapy. Some of these interventions can be applied to other types of depressions unrelated to puerperium but the issues of pharmacological safety can limit them.As an example of mentioned above we can use the results of the study by Reck C. et all. (2004). They found, that mother-infant interaction plays a central role in the treatment of postpartum depression. They explain this fact with high sensitivity of infants to their mothers emotional state. The authors consider that postpartum depression is a risk factor for disturbances of childrens development. They proposed the integrated model of treatment which is based on mother-infant-centered interventions.Similar propositions contains the investigate paper of Hofecker-Fallahpour M. et all. (2003). This group of Swiss investigators proposed the program of group therapy for depressive mothers, including those who has postpartum depression. The main therapeutic method in this program is behavioral therapy.Clark R, Tluczek A. and Wenzel A. from the University of Wisconsin Medical School make work (2004) about the priorities of psychotherapy in the patients with postpartum depression. They think that group psychotherapy and interpersonal psychotherapy should be superior to other methods of non-pharmacological treatment.The main objectives of the proposed treatment is reducing maternal depressive symptoms, improving mothers perceptions of their infants adaptability and reinforcement value, and increasing mothers positive affect and verbalization with their infants. Authors urge that early intervention for mothers with postpartum depression is crucial prefigure of successful treatment.Different point of view was demonstrated by Cooper PJ, Murray L, Wilson A. and Romaniuk H. (2003). They think t hat psychological interventions for postnatal depression can be beneficial in the unequal term but this benefit is not superior to spontaneous remission in the long term. In their research Cooper PJ. et all. used routine primeval care, non-directive counseling, cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy. They found that all chosen treatments had a considerable impact at four months on maternal mood but only psychodynamic therapy reduced depression significantly.The last kind of therapy focused on patients experience and bygone conflicts of childhood and adolescence. All benefits of the treatment were not longer by nine months after delivery and did not reduce of recurrent episodes of depression in long-term perspective. These scientists urge that postnatal depression is associated with adverse child cognitive and socio-emotional outcome (2003). They found that early psychotherapeutic intervention had the short-term benefit to the mother-child relationship and infant be havior.In summarizing of foresaid we could said that the treatment of mood disorders in puerperal period includes two main components medical interventions and psychotherapy. The choice of the methods and their combination depend on the severity of signs and risk of the recurrence of mood disorder. Women with mild disturbances of mood (postpartum blues) do not need specific treatment. This condition typically resolves spontaneously during first weeks.Because the medical interventions are not the subject of our competence we will focus on the findings in the field of psychotherapy. This approach is in particular useful in women with mild or moderate severity of postnatal depression. The most of authors recommend group psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal therapy), but individual therapy is effective too. These methods can be combined with educational programs. OHara MW. and his coauthors evaluated efficacy of different methods of psychotherapy for postpartum depress ion. They proposed interpersonal psychotherapy as the method of the choice in treatment of postpartum depression.They found that interpersonal psychotherapy reduced depressive symptoms and improved social adjustment, and represents an alternative to pharmacotherapy, particularly for women who are breastfeeding. We can see that the main benefit of psychotherapy is absence of adverse effects of taking medications. just in severe cases of postnatal depression or when patients do not respond to non-pharmacological treatment and in all cases of postpartum psychosis the pharmacological treatment is indicated.The prevalent forms of psychotherapy in the postnatal depression include cognitive therapy, behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy. Both individual and group therapy can be used. All types of non-pharmacological treatment are effective in mild and moderate severity of the depression.Untreated mood disorders place the mother at risk for recurrent disease. Furthermore, mate rnal depression is associated with long-term cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems in the child. One of the most important objectives is to increase awareness across the spectrum of health care professionals who care for women during pregnancy and the puerperium so that postpartum mood disorders may be identified early and treated appropriately.Effective pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies are available. Every approach has the advantages and demerits. But to compare their effectiveness we need better-designed clinical trials and the unification of the approaches to the examining of the effectiveness of individual treatment components. Selecting the optimum treatments for women with different background and severity of the postnatal depression should be evidence-based and take into consideration the possibility of long-term effects of the mood disorder.References 1.Clark R, Tluczek A, Wenzel A. (2003) Psychotherapy for postpartum depression a preliminary report. Am J Orthopsychiatry. Oct 73(4) p. 441-454. 2.Cooper PJ, Murray L, Wilson A, Romaniuk H. (2003) Controlled trial of the short- and long-term effect of psychological treatment of post-partum depression. I. Impact on maternal mood. Br J Psychiatry. May 182 p. 412-419. 3.Dennis CL, Stewart DE. (2004) Treatment of postpartum depression, part 1 a critical review of biological interventions. J Clin Psychiatry. Sep 65(9) p. 1242-1251. 4.Dennis CL. (2004) Treatment of postpartum depression, part 2 a critical review of nonbiological interventions. J Clin Psychiatry. Sep 65(9) p. 1252-1265. 5.Hofecker-Fallahpour M., Zinkernagel-Burri C., Stckli B., Wsten G., Stieglitz RD., Riecher-Rssler A. (2003) Gruppentherapie bei clinical depression in der frhen Mutterschaft Erste Ergebnisse einer Pilotstudie Der Nervenarzt Sep. Band 74, Nummer 9 S. 767 774 6.Murray L, Cooper PJ, Wilson A, Romaniuk H. (2003) Controlled trial of the short- and long-term effect of psychological treatment of post-partum d epression 2. Impact on the mother-child relationship and child outcome. Br J Psychiatry. May 182 p. 420-427. 7.Nonacs R, Cohen LS. (1998) Postpartum mood disorders diagnosis and treatment guidelines. J Clin Psychiatry. 59 Suppl 2 p. 34-40. 8.OHara MW, Stuart S, Gorman LL, Wenzel A. (2000) Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for postpartum depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Nov 7(11) p. 1039-1045. 9.Reck C., Weiss R., Fuchs T., Mhler E., Downing G., Mundt C. (2004) Psychotherapie der postpartalen Depression Mutter-Kind-Interaktion im Blickpunkt. Der Nervenarzt. November Band 75, Nummer 11 S. 1068 1073 10.Seyfried LS, Marcus SM. (2003) Postpartum mood disorders. Int Rev Psychiatry. Aug 15(3) p. 231-242.

Professor Howard Zinn’s purpose for writing “A People’s History of the United States”

1. In a nutshell, Professor Howard Zinns purpose for paper A Peoples History of the United States was to offer a history of the United States (from the first settlers all the way to the mid1970s at the cartridge holder of publishing) that did not outright lie or sugar coat our countrys past tense. Furthermore, Zenn seeks to avoid manipulating our history as a means to tranquilize the reader, albeit causing controversy when his book first debuted.Additionally, in the words of the author himself, If history is to be creative, to anticipate a possible future without denying the past, it should, I believe, emphasize new possibilities by disclosing those hidden episodes of the past when, even if in brief flashes, people showed their ability to resist, to join together, occasionally to win. I am supposing, or perhaps only hoping, that our future may be found in the pasts fugitive moments of compassion sooner than in its solid centuries of warfare.By this, Im confident one of his goals was to demonstrate the impact of the human spirit and how even though A Peoples History of the United States is filled with the pitiable reality that conflict is always present in our society, it also shows that sometimes good triumphs over atrocious and that maybe history doesnt have to repeat itself once more. 2.The thesis for pages 111 of, A Peoples History of the United States essentially revolves around the statement, It is enough to make us question, for that time and ours, the excuse of progress in the annihilation of races, and the telling of history from the standpoint of the conquerors and leaders of Western civilization. This is a concise summary of pages 111, stating the claim of Zenns underlying argument in regards to all the breeding presented in the first chapter. 3. Howard Zinn held the nowmainstream idea that traditional (school) history

Christian Worldview Essay

I. What is a macrocosmview?A worldview is the counseling that each individual interprets the world and how they see everything as a whole. The way people were raised and brought up has a lot to do with how they perceive the world. It provides us with a foundation for the way we live.II. Articulate the Biblical/Christian Worldview for each of the hobby questionsThe question of OriginWhen you think about how life began and how everything became into existence on this earth, what comes to mind? Through a Christians eyes there can only be 1 answer, and that is divinity fudge created the Heavens and the Earth (Genesis 11) and In Psalms David duologue about how earth was formed by deitys hands (Psalm 955). There is no question, beau ideal is our creator.The question of IdentityWhat does it mean to be a human? And are humans more important than animals? God, the all-powerful Creator, cares for his most valuable creations which is us, mankind. We are created higher up any animal (Psa lms 85) and God gave us so much authority to be in charge of the earth. He also says that we need to take care of and be responsible for all animals (Psalms 86-9).The question of Meaning/PurposeWhy does mankind exist? According to Christianity we are here to eat up a personal relationship with God, the one who created us. He wants us to live life more profusely ( whoremonger 1010). God is our Heavenly Father and he wants a relationship with each of his children. The apostle John talks about the relationship we are to sacrifice with God in 1 John 31-3. God is building His own family and we will have an eternal relationship with our Heavenly Father if we have recognized Him as our one and only Savior. Paul tells us that God desires all men to be salvage and come to know truth. (1 Timothy 23-4). Then we will have eternal life.The question of worshipWhat is meant by right and wrong and how should a Christian live? All men are innate(p) sinners and can non be saved by anyone other than the Lord Jesus Christ. We all know the difference betwixt rights and wrong, its just whether or not we apply critical thinking when we are faced with a decision. Like everyone says just think What Would Jesus Do The Bible says that it should be our final authority. (2 Timothy 316). God created the Ten Commandments so His people would know right from wrong. (Revelation 2214-15). If we sin, we need to ask God for forgiveness because if we dont He will chastise us and we will have to go away the consequences.The question of DestinyIs there life afterward death and what will happen to me when I strangle? Yes, there is life after death it is called eternal life. If you have accepted Christ as your one and only savior you will be spending eternity with God in Heaven. In John 336 God says whoever debates in the Son will have eternal life. If you have not accepted Jesus as your Savior you will be cast into the lake of fire to live forever in Hell. There will be intense grief and anger in Hell. (Matthew 1342). The unthaw gift of eternal life is available to all who will accept Jesus Christ only if if we dont accept it now we will not have another opportunity after death.III. How might/should a biblical worldview influence the way you do the followingVote in topical anesthetic or national electionsThe way we vote should line up with Gods word. We should do as much research on the people running for office as possible and see what they believe in. See if they are for pro-life, or what their religious beliefs may be. God says, if any man teaches of another God let that man be a curse (Galatians 16-9).Voting for a Christian candidate is so important and will affect how things change in your community and nation as a whole. intend about, treat, and call to others on a daily basisAs Christians we should not just always speak to others with respect but we should also think with respect. God knows everything even our views. If we have a wrong thought we should a sk for forgiveness. John 1512 says This is my commandment, that you love one another as I have loved you. Treat people with kindness and love, just as you want to be treated. And do not judge others, Luke 637 says Judge not and you will not be judged. We should always gauge to live according to Gods word because one day we will have to provide an answer for the way we act.

Legal Forms of Business in Sri Lanka

Introduction A dividing line alike c on the wholeed a club, enterprise or firm is a soundly recognized organization, de sign(a) to declargon sensationself goods and services to consumers. According to the purpose of the line of work, self-will of the agate line and nature of economic contri providedion of the stock the disdain jackpot f all(prenominal) into one of the three standard welkins. in that respect ar confidential sector, world sector and non pay sector. The part of the economy concerned with providing basic regime services is called frequent sector.In nearly countries the macrocosm sector includes such services as the military, earthly concern transit, primary education and healthc ar. Their aim is to concord service to the people and less emphasis is made on profit making. macrocosm cooperation is the widely cognize fount of public sector business entity. The non-profit sector is derived with organizations that do non distri juste their surplus coin to owners or sh atomic number 18 engageers, but instead use them to help pursue their goals. Examples include charitable organizations, trade unions, and public arts organizations.In semiprivate sector, businesses are financed and controlled by individuals or private institutions, such as companies, strainingholders, or investment groups. These businesses run for private profit and they are not controlled by the state or the government. There are legion(predicate) types of business entities defined in the private sector and authorized by the level-headed systems of various countries. These sound public figures of business include Sole Proprietorship Partnership ( ordinary Partnership, hold Partnership and crossroads Venture) Corporation (C Corporation and S Corporation) particular(a) Liability friendship (Private and Public)These legal human bodys drop been derived according to their author of the large(p), Value of capital investment, Nature of ownership, Nu mber of owners, Nature of financial obligation and m all otherwise factors. Each legal form has its own advantages as well as disadvantages. When making a decision to the highest degree the type of business to form, there are several criteria you need to evaluate based on advantages and disadvantages of above mentioned legal forms. The to a greater extent or less primal fact is cost of formation of the business and cost of ongoing administration. This includes cost of record-keeping and paperwork, as well as the costs associated with administrative requirements.Legal liability is the next thing to be considered and it defines to what consummation the owner need to be insulated from legal liability. Based on the individual situation and goals of the business owner, he has to consider what the available tax implications are because it is also an important factor. Finally the owner has to think ab come out of the closet the future needs and whether the legal forms support flexi bility feature. Sri Lanka phoner Act, zero(prenominal) 7 of 2007 and Company Act, No. 17 of 1982 micturate defined Sri Lanka legal forms of organizations, which throw out be the choices for Sri Lankan business community when forming a reinvigorated business.Legal Forms of business in Sri Lanka include Sole Proprietorship restrict Liability Company (Private and Public) frequent Partnership Sole Proprietorship A mend proprietary also known as a repair trader is a type of business entity which is owned and run by one individual and where there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business. Sole proprietorships are forms of business ownership that mingle the owners rights, liabilities and responsibilities with the business rights, liabilities and responsibilities.Regardless of the state of the business, the procedures we need to fol mild to form a doctor proprietorship are fairly simple, and do not even require an attorney, accountant, or business consultant. There are no legal requirements for establishing a sole proprietorship, other than obtaining the demand local business license and permit. As the sole proprietor, owner has the broad control and responsibleness for the business and its operation and he makes all the decisions. With this type of business entity, owner has complete freedom over run(a) the business, because he is responsible for all minutes and activities overstep in the business.All assets of the business are owned by the owner and all sugar and all losses accrue to him. He is in the flesh(predicate)ly responsible for all debts of the business and moldiness pay them from his individualized resources. This performer that the owner has un special personal liability for the business. Also, owner is less burdened by government restrictions and control, and he has less to do in ground of reporting and taxes. The main advantage of a sole proprietorship is that they are easy to start up and to close. The reason i s, they are less expensive and also subject to fewer regulations compared to other types of businesses.Since the owner has full autonomy with regard to business decisions, sole proprietorship businesses are easy and inexpensive to discontinue. The second advantage is that the owner can take all the profits of the business and there is no profit sharing. This whitethorn be the or so significant motivation for around businesses to become sole proprietorship type. At the same time, all losses accrue to the owner and he does not rush the tension regarding conflicts among the partners as there are no partners.In sole proprietorship business type, the owner of the organization pays self employment taxes on the profits made. It makes tax filing oftentimes simpler and hence this can be considered as another advantage for sole proprietorship business type. Since this is not a potbelly it does not pay unified taxes. The remarkable disadvantage of the sole proprietorship is that the sole trader will likely have a hard time with raising capital since he has to make up for all the businesss funds. He whitethorn have to use his own cash or personal loan for the business.The next disadvantage is the owner of the business has un hold liability as he is responsible for the businesss debts. As the business grows, the risks ac caller-uping the business also tend to grow, and if the business is sued, owner and his personal assets are at risk. Sole proprietorship business type is actually prominent in Sri Lanka, may be because form of the business is very straightforward. As a third world country with low rate of individual income, starting up a business with low capital is a very convenient factor for any Sri Lankan business person who is thinking of having an own business.There several home plate based business running in Sri Lanka such as groceries, stationary shops, pharmacies, fashion stores and they can be categorize as sole proprietorship business, because they ar e owned by single person. Freelance writers, counterpart editors, photographers and craftspeople also have chosen to run their businesses as a sole proprietorship. Sri Lankan government has identified the enormousness of sole proprietorship businesses, in terms of their contribution to the countrys discipline.So the government is supporting(a) this business community, to develop their businesses, by providing necessary financial aids, resources, equipment and guidance. Since Sri Lana is based on an agricultural economy, we can hike up more farmers to form their own sole proprietorship businesses to incorporate on their goods, and this will reduce the terrible cause occurring from the intermediate business people. If farmers can sell their goods lookly to consumers, they may be able to get full profit and it will encourage them to develop their business. This will ultimately lead to a high development in Sri Lankas economy as well as society. bound liability Companies (LLC) A Limited Liability Company (LLC) is a type of business organization that combines some aspects of a stomach with those of a sole proprietorship or league. The primary characteristic a LLC shares with a corporation is limited liability that is personal liability of companys members for the businesss debts is limited. The primary characteristic LLC share with a league is the availability of pass-through income taxation that is LLC is not taxed as a assort entity. Forming a LLC may not be as simple as a sole-proprietorship however, the process is much less than a corporation.There are two main actions Articles of organization Have to file articles of organization with the writing table of province and pay the required fees. Articles may be brisk by a lawyer. An LLC business entity may be file as a corporation, partnership or sole proprietorship in terms of tax go past. Operating Agreement Have to develop an operating scorement which helps to define the company profit sharin g, ownership, responsibilities, and ownership changes An LLC may have one or more owners, and may have divergent classes of owners.If the LLC has a single member, it will be disregarded as separate from its owner, and will be treated as a sole proprietorship or a part of its owner, unless it elects to be taxable as a corporation. An LLC that is filed for taxation as a partnership can secure both conduit tax treatment and limited liability protection under civil law and a LLC filed for taxation as a partnership does not have the ownership restrictions. An LLC is typically managed by its members, unless the members agree to have a manager handle the LLCs business affairs. LLCs do not recognise stock and are not required to hold annual meetings or keep written minutes. oecumenically, members of an LLC that are taxed as a partnership may agree to share the profits and losses in any manner. Members of an LLC fill profits and losses in the same manner as shareholders of a corporati on. In ecumenical, all the owners and members are shielded from individual liability for debts and obligations of the LLC. The main advantage of LLC is that owners of the LLC have the liability protection of a corporation because it exists as a separate entity much like a corporation. Also members do not hold personally liable for debts unless they have signed a personal guarantee, and this is a great relief for all the members.LLC can select varying forms of distribution of profits, unlike a common partnership where the split is 50-50. consequently flexible profit distribution is another advantage of LLC. The LLC business structure requires no corporate minutes or resolutions and is easier to operate. This can be pointed out as the next advantage of LLC. All the LLC business losses, profits, and expenses move through the company to the individual members. So, it avoids the double taxation of paying corporate tax and individual tax. full generally, this work through taxation wi ll be a tax advantage.The most(prenominal) significant disadvantage of LLC is the limited life time of business. A LLC is dissolved when a member dies or undergoes nonstarter whereas corporations can withstand forever. Business owners with plans to take their company public, or issuing employee shares in the future, may be not beat served by choosing a LLC business structure, because going public is bit complicated with LLC. So this can be again a zippy disadvantage of LLC structure. Running a sole-proprietorship or partnership will have less paperwork and complexity compared to LLC.So this added complexity also can be pointed out as a disadvantage of LLC structure. There are two major types of companies operating with limited liability status in Sri Lanka. ? Private Limited Companies ? Public Limited Companies Private Limited Companies A Private Limited Company, theoretically also refer to a private company limited by guarantee, is a type of company incorporated under the laws of England in certain Commonwealth countries. Private limited companies are required to have the suffix Limited (often written Ltd or Ltd. ) or Incorporated (Inc. ) as part of their name.It has shareholders, but its shares may not be offered to the general public. This core that shares are usually sold to family, friends and business contacts. The liability of the shareholders to creditors of the company is limited to the capital originally invested that is to the nominal value of the shares and any premium paid in return for the issue of the shares by the company. A shareholders personal assets are thereby protected in the event of the companys insolvency, but money invested in the company will be lost. Most companies, particularly small companies, are private limited companies.One of the main advantages of Private Limited Company is, they are easy to set up because the shares are sold among family, friends and business contacts. Limited liability is another advantage of a Privat e Limited Company. The shareholders liability is limited to the value of the shares held by them. If things go wrong for the business, personal assets of a shareholder cannot be used to pay off the debts. Since boards of directors are usually the main share holders, the ownership and the control are closely connected. Therefore decisions can be taken more quickly and this can be pointed out as another advantage.A Private Limited Company has a separate legal existence. This means that properties will be owned by the company itself and all contracts would be signed on its behalf. The directors and secretary can only act as agents. Therefore the company is not dissolved on the resignation, bankruptcy or death of a director which is a spanking advantage of Private Limited Company. The company can be dissolved only by winding up, liquidation or order of the registrar of Companies or by the Court. When we think about advantages, tax benefits of Private Limited Company are also can be co nsidered.The directors of the company are required to pay income tax but the company pays corporation tax on company profits which is one rate of tax only and averages out at much less than if income tax were paid on the profits. Though Private Limited Company has many advantages, there are some disadvantages which often deter small- and medium-sized business owners from setting up private limited companies. Many Private Limited Companies are very profitable. Unfortunately, these profits can become diluted because they must be evenly distributed among all shareholders, and many Private Limited Companies have up to 50 shareholders.So this becomes the major disadvantage of Private Limited Company. The next point that can be a vital disadvantage is shareholders in a Private Limited Company are not able to sell or transfer their shares to the general public. The 50 or so shareholders that comprise a Private Limited Company must keep their shares and cannot trade them on any stock exchan ge. A Private Limited Company can be quite complex to create, meaning that lawyers and accountants almost always need to be involved in the Private Limited Company from the start.This can be costly and hence a disadvantage. The importance of Private Limited Companies in Sri Lankan economy over the last 15 years has been tremendous. The spring up of Sri Lankan economy has led to free inflow of investments along with modern cutting edge technology, which change magnitude the importance of Private Limited Companies in Sri Lankan economy considerably. Previously, the Sri Lankan trade was ruled by the government enterprises but the scene in Sri Lankan market changed as soon as the markets were unmannerlyed for investments.This saw the rise of the Sri Lankan private sector companies, which prioritized customers need and speedy service. Most of the pioneering businesses in to solar days Sri Lankan business world are categorized as Private Limited Companies. Some of the best examples ar e Richard Pieris & Company PLC (One of the largest and most successful diversified business conglomerate), Abans Group Abans Private Limited (Represent world famous brands of household items), vocaliser (Sri Lanka) PLC (Household durable company), ODEL (PVT) LTD (Sri Lankas foremost fashion gallery).Private Limited Companies are often considered the Sri Lankas version of limited liability companies. This may be because for many years, forming businesses with the family and friends has been a custom of Sri Lankans. There are many examples such as Perera and Sons (PVT) LTD (One of Sri Lankas foremost baker and caterer), H. Don Carolis & Sons (PVT) LTD (Manufacturers of fine hand crafted wooden furniture), Ebert Silva Touring Co. Ltd (pioneering Company in the move around and tourism industry) . These are consider as successful family businesses and categorized under Private Limited Company type businesses.To promote private sector domestic investments, the Sri Lanka government has recently brought the bank have-to doe with place down from 20 percent to around 10 percent for borrowings. Public Limited Companies A public limited company (legally abbreviated to plc with or without full stops) is a type of limited liability Company incorporated under the laws of England in certain Commonwealth countries and it is permitted to offer its shares to the public. This means that Shares in a public limited company, can be traded on the Stock Exchange and can be bought by members of the general public.The Capital needed to start a Public Limited Company could come from two different sources part of the money comes from a loan from the bank, and the rest comes from shares sold to the public, via the stock market. The liability of the shareholders to creditors of the company is limited to the capital originally invested that is to the nominal value of the shares and any premium paid in return for the issue of the shares by the company. A shareholders personal assets are thereby protected in the event of the companys insolvency, but money invested in the company will be lost. The dividend is paid out using the profits from a PLC.The profit of the public limited company is divided into percentages and is paid out to shareholders. There are many advantages of operating the business as a Public Limited Company, and of registering the company on the stock exchange. For example, equity capital obtained from an initial public offering is considered a permanent form of capital since there is no interest to be paid on the equity, and it is not repayable like debt. Funds generated by a public offering are, therefore, considered a relatively safe form of capital for a business and this can be pointed out as the main advantage of the Public Limited Company type.Going public can also allow a company the freedom and flexibility to spend capital, as it needs to finance its growth and only development, providing a solid financial base on which to build. This will be a vital motivate point for anyone who think to start a new business as Public Limited Company. Many companies use stock and stock option plans as an incentive to attract and maintain talented employees. It is increasingly common to recruit and compensate executives with a combination of salary and stock. Stock can be instrumental in attracting and keeping key personnel.Public companies are more likely to fit the attention of major newspapers, magazines and periodicals. The proper use of press releases, interviews or news stories can increase investor awareness, shareholder value, and demand for the stock, sales and revenue. Once a company becomes public it has to disclose so much data to public on regular intervals. This includes share holding pattern, quarterly and annual financial statements, profiles of directors etc. So it can be pointed out as one of the disadvantage of Public Limited Company.In a Public Limited Company decisions take time is too long and it also can be a disadvantage. This is because implementation of any key decision is subjected to the approval by the board of directors elected by share holders. Shareholders in public companies expect a steady stream of income from dividends, which might mean that the business has to concentrate on short term objectives of creating a profit and this may be a vital disadvantage because it might be better to work on longer term objectives, such as growth and investment. The most significant disadvantage Public Limited Company has is the threat of takeover.This is because they are traded publically and another company can buy up a large number of shares and they can thusly persuade other shareholders to join with them to vote in a new management team. The Sri Lankan stock market has become quite vibrant and booming, particularly as a result of the end of the war, and this was a graphic point for growth of Public Limited Companies. New companies made their public offerings and were oversubscribed during the first day itself. There is considerable demand for company shares in the market and we can see many giants companies have turned into Public Limited Companies.These companies represent banking, finance, amends, healthcare, telecommunication, food, beverage and so many other sectors. Most important examples are Commercial Bank of Ceylon Ltd (Adjudged as the best bank in Sri Lanka), Janashakthi Insurance (3rd largest general insurance company in Sri Lanka), Sri Lanka Telecom Ltd (The premier telecommunication service provider in Sri Lanka), Cargills (Ceylon) Ltd (Sri lankas largest food network) and Nawaloka Hospitals Ltd (Asias largest and most trusted healthcare hospital).The end of the war has put Sri Lanka on the radar of global companies as a country with attractive investment proposition opportunities. As the issuances of shares by resident companies to foreign investors are permitted in terms of a general permission, many resident companies have issued their shares to foreign investors. They include Lanka IOC (75% of shares owned by Indian Oil Corporation) and Millenium IT (Shares were bought by London Stock Exchange). General PartnershipsA General Partnership is the most simplistic type of legal structure designed for the situation in which two or more people are collaborating in some type of business activity. The entities involved in a partnership can be individuals, corporations, or trusts. General partnerships are usually started with good friends or family. Starting up a new business is a huge risk and gigantic leap of faith. People who open up general partnerships need to trust each other and work well together.Even if the business does not need a chain reactor of assets to start or operate, still it needs a lot of money to open up a business. General partnerships allow more than one individual to carry the financial burden. This is ideal and makes a business much easier to open. By default, the profits and losses generated by a Gener al Partnership are shared equally among its partners. However, typically a partnership agreement is created to further define the rights, responsibilities, and duties of each partner, as well as the terms of perpetuity if one of the partners withdrawals from the partnership.Financial responsibility is shared equally among the partners, with each partner jointly and severally liable for all business debts and obligations which means that the partners are jointly liable for any and all legal claims against any of the partners. The taxation of a General Partnership is calculated at the individual level. General partnerships can be less expensive to form with a limited start up cost and it has a shared financial commitment, which can be consider as main advantages of this business type.Also it requires less paperwork and formalities which encourage people to form their businesses as general partnerships. General partnerships can thrive when each partner brings a specific military unit to the business. If each partner takes on a defined role and there is general agreement on the business plan, goals, and visions from the outset, a partnership can be advantageous. Work can get done more quickly, and having several partners involved will increase the potential of acquiring resources and attracting backers. In the end, the success of such an end depends largely on the personalities of the parties involved.General partnerships offer members the advantages of shared risk and total control over the transactions of the business. One of the most significant benefits of a General Partnership is simplified tax filing, since no corporate forms or double taxation is required. As a pass-through tax entity, this form of business pays no direct tax instead its individual owners carry the tax burden However, the wide array of disadvantages of a General Partnership is what makes it arguably one of the worst organizational business structures available.Because of the lack of corpo rate structure, a General Partnership does not establish any kind of separate business entity from the partners. This means that the partners are all told unprotected from any litigation against the business, and their personal assets can be seized at any time to click the unmet obligations of the business. Even worse, each partner is liable for the actions of the others on behalf of the business. So if one of the partners was to execute an agreement without the companionship of the others, each partner would become equally obligated to the terms of that agreement.The same is true for credit obligations. If any of the partners secure credit on behalf of the business, each partner would become equally obligated to the terms of that debt. In addition, without a Partnership Agreement, there is no guarantee of perpetuity for a General Partnership if one of the partners dies, becomes disabled, or withdrawals from the business. For these and other reasons, general partnership agreement s should be drawn up carefully with legal counsel, and signed by all partners.Additionally, there should be a means in place of dissolving the partnership in the case of death, disability, or if one partner should want out of the business for any other reason, personal or professional. Sri Lanka, as a country with low individual income, general partnership would be an idle business type because it gives you pool of resources and financial encouragement to start a new business. Since family businesses are very famous in Sri Lanka, anyone can get together with his family and friends to form the business.Since each partner has a vital contribution to the business, skills and abilities of them will guide the business to success. There are several businesses in Sri Lanka, prosecute in all types of sectors such as grocery, pharmacy, restaurant, book shop and laundry which can be categorized into general partnership business type. Sri Lankan government has identified the importance of gen eral partnership businesses, in terms of their contribution to the countrys development. So the government is encouraging this business community, to develop their businesses, by providing necessary financial aids, resources, equipment and guidance.